1	Movements in 20th Century Hermeneutics
2	Form Criticism - OT Hermann Gunkel - the primary founder He began his work in Genesis in 1901 He was not accepted until Wellhausen died. His work on Psalms in 1933 marked the triumph of OT Form Criticism His student - Mowinckel extended Form Criticism to the prophets
3	Form Criticism - NT Rudolf Bultmann and Martin Dibelius were the primary founders following WW I. Form Criticism arose because of the failure of the quest for the historical Jesus. Form Criticism attempted to move behind the Gospel documents. Form Criticism floundered on the issues of historicity and terminology.
4	Sitz im Leben In the OT, Sitz im Leben focused on the text’s social and historical context behind the text. For most of OT, worship became the primary locus for Sitz im Leben discussion. The NT distinguished between the Sitz im Leben Jesu, the Sitz im Leben of the early church, and the Sitz im Leben of the Gospel writer(s).
5	Renewal of OT Theology In the 1920’s Eisfeldt called for the return to biblical theology from a purely history of religions approach. 1933 - Walter Eichrodt produced the first volume of his Theology of the Old Testament which attempted to explain OT Theology in terms of covenant. A deluge of OT Theologies from 1935 to 1965
6	The Development of OT Theology Gerhard von Rad produced volume 1 of his Old Testament Theology in 1957. von Rad worked with a modified Heilsgeschichte approach using Traditions History methods. Eichrodt and von Rad represented to the two main approaches to OT Theology in mid-20th century.
7	The Rise of NT Theology The impetus began with Karl Barth’s Romerbriefe in 1919. The main burst of writing did not occur until the 1940’s and 50’s. 1951 - Rudolf Bultmann’s Theology of the New Testament combined a historical skepticism with existential philosophy and Barthian expectation of a word from God.
8	Reactions to Bultmann’s NT Theology W. G. Kümmel and Joachim Jeremias wrote from the Historical Positive approach Oscar Cullmann produced Christ in Time and Salvation in History from the Salvation History approach. Alan Richardson built his NT Theology on the Apostles’ Creed. Donald Guthrie returned to a thematic approach combined with Lehrbegriffen sections.
9	The Biblical Theology Movement Emerged following WW II. Most an American phenomenon. Emphasized the unity of the Bible Conceived of revelation happening through history (Mighty acts of God) Buttressed by archaeology, neo-orthodoxy, and the failure of liberalism.
10	The Demise of the Biblical Theology Movement Failed to account for Wisdom literature Loss of confidence that history was the only mode of revelation Renewed emphasis on diversity in the Bible Failed to impact preaching and teaching in the church Challenges by James Barr and Brevard Childs
11	Recent Developments in OT Theology Crisis in the 70’s Failure in the search for center Renewed energy arose in search of foci and multiplex approaches - Hasel’s Old Testament Theology has gone through 5 editions since 1972. Programmatic essays published in 80’s Major books published in the 90’s
12	Demise of NT Theology Renewed emphasis on diversity and disagreement on methodology have paralyzed the discipline Except for evangelical “come-latelies” no large scale NT Theology books have been published since 70’s. No SBL section in NT Theology Publications are of the theology of individual books and/or authors
13	20th Century Quests for the Historical Jesus Century began with Schweitzer shutting down the first quest. Skepticism about the possibility of discovering the historical Jesus prevalent New Quest (2nd) began in 1957 by James Robinson, et. al., but it was not successful. Third quest emerged in 80’s and early 90’s - based on Jesus and Judaism
14	20th Century Biblical Archaeology 19th century collected artifacts Early 20th century developed scientific method of archaeology - stratification analysis and pottery dating refinements Mixed results in terms of Bible confirmation 70’s and 80’s moved away from Bible 90’s return of biblical influence
15	Redaction Criticism Primarily a NT development in 50’s Recognizes the author as author and theologian First developed in Matthew and Luke by G. Bornkamm and H. Conzelmann on their use of Marcan and Q material. W. Marxsen developed composition criticism of Mark
16	OT Developments of Redaction Criticism The longer historical period covered by OT writings and few parallel (synoptic) texts forced a shift in methodology OT studies in Redaction came to be called Tradition Criticism or Tradition History These focused on the ways in which subsequent generations re-shaped earlier materials - von Rad was a leader
17	Late 20th Century Frustration with the Historical Criticism Failure of historical criticism to produce theologically meaningful results Failure to arrive at agreed upon answers to questions of authorship, date, etc. The shift in historiography toward social history The rise of literary methods of interpretation that are synchronic.
18	Recent Developments - Literary 1. Structuralism 2. The New Hermeneutic 3. Canonical Criticism 4. Rhetorical Criticism 5. New Literary Criticism 6. Narrative Criticism
19	1. Structuralism Emerged as an approach to literary texts in the 1950’s and 1960’s It seeks to analyze the “deep” structures of human existence that lead to literary texts, But is not interested in historical development or context. It analyzes texts asynchronously.
20	1. Structuralism Tends to “structure” reality into binary oppositions around an issue, object or event Sender -- Object -- Receiver Helper -- Subject -- Opponent This often provides helpful insight into the conflicts within a text Interest in structuralism faded with the rise of new literary criticism
21	2. The New Hermeneutic This approach arose in the 1950’s and 1960’s in response to insights of Martin Heidegger. It postulated a relationship between being, language, and humanness The New Hermeneutic stagnated fairly rapidly but some of its concerns moved into other areas of literary criticism
22	3. Canonical Criticism Arose from frustrations with Form and Redaction Criticism Has developed in two primary directions Followers of James Sanders have pursued the question of the historical development of the canon and sociological setting of texts. Followers of Brevard Childs have pursued the significance of the final canonical shape.
23	3. Canonical Criticism Followers of Childs have exerted more influence in the years since the rise of Canonical Criticism in the 1980’s. The relationship to each other of texts within the canon is one area of focus Canonical reading seeks to understand texts as they stand in canonical form rather than analyzing the history behind the text. This means openness to literary methods.
24	4. Rhetorical Criticism Emerged in the 1970’s and 1980’s and has gone in somewhat different directions for OT and NT. OT Rhetorical Criticism seeks to move beyond Form Criticism to a synthesis of the text around the structural patterns of composition that mark the unity of the text. James Muilenburg began this project.
25	4. OT Rhetorical Criticism Later developments focused on the poetics, symbolism, and emotive effect of the text. This moves toward Narrative Criticism, but is not limited to narrative genres. Sometimes combined with the sociological emphasis of James Sanders’ canonical approach.
26	4. NT Rhetorical Criticism New Testament Rhetorical Criticism has tended to focus on the evidences of the influence of classical Greek and Roman rhetoric on New Testament texts. Hans Dieter Betz’ work on Galatians in the late 1970’s provided the major impetus. NT Rhetorical Criticism studies both stylistic issues and the intentionality of the text
27	5. The New Literary Criticism The New Literary Criticism includes a variety of methodological approaches including Structuralism, Rhetorical Criticism, and Narrative Criticism Deconstruction associated with the work of Jacque Derrida is one of the methods flowing from New Literary Criticism
28	5. The New Literary Criticism Deconstruction attempts a radical decentering by discovering and subverting the unquestioned metaphysical assumptions behind texts. Deconstruction may positively lead to the identification of unquestioned assumptions. Negatively, it can become a form of radical relativism and nihilism.
29	5. The New Literary Criticism Reader response Criticism views the meaning of texts in light of the contribution of the reader. In its most radical form (such as Stanley Fish proposes) no meaning exists in the text from the text or author, but only from the reader. Fish’s Reader response criticism is extremely relativistic.
30	5. The New Literary Criticism A more moderate form of Reader Response criticism is found in Wolfgang Iser. This approach works on the “gaps” in texts where the reader must supply information or a perspective that is only implied in the text. This process is central in every act of communication and must be recognized.
31	6. Narrative Criticism Narrative Criticism is an eclectic method drawing on several methods to interpret stories. Narrative critics generally bracket the question of the historicity of narratives focusing rather on the impact/influence of the narrative in creating human response.
32	Recent Development - Social Social Histories of the Biblical World Application of Social-Scientific Theories to biblical history Liberation Theology Feminist Theology Agenda or Advocacy Criticism
33	20th Century Views of Judaism Pre-1950 - divided Judaism into Palestinian and Hellenistic - inferior to Christianity, Rabbinically based. Discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, founding of the state of Israel, and Holocaust guilt motivated a wave of Jewish studies in the second half of 20th century. Judaism is now viewed as diverse and developing historically through NT period.